Absent or Obscured Cues

• Absent focal cues: smooth water, fresh snow on a cloudy day; night landing with limited light (black hole approach)
  • Lack of texture gradient (useful beyond 15 ft)
  • Binocular fusion impossible (useful within 15 ft)
• Absent ambient cues:
  • Obscured vision: descent into thin fog layer, getting caught in a dust cloud on landing or behind a tow plane
  • Lack of detail: is the speck on the windshield a bug you hadn't noticed, or another aircraft on a collision course?

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